Assignment #5 Acronyms, Miriam Guajardo..!!!

1. CNN: Cable News Network.

2. UFO: Unidentified Flying Object.

3. SCUBA: Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.

4. IBM: International Business Machines.

5. VHS: Video Home System.

6. DVD: Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc.

7. SNAFU: Situation Normal, All Fucked Up.

8. LASER: Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

9. RADAR: Radio Detection And Ranging.

10. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

11. FAQ: Frequently Asked Question.

12. CD-ROM: Compact Disk - Read Only Memory.

13. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

14. JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group.

15. ATM: At The Moment.

16. BCE/A.D. : Before the Common Era /After Death OR Before the Christian Era /After Death.

17. EU: European Union.

18. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.

19. 4WD: Four Wheel Drive.

20. AWD: All Wheel Drive.

21. CIA: Central Intelligence Agency.

22. FUBAR: Fucked Up Beyond All Repair or Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition

23. FIDO: Field Integrated Design and Operations. (NASA)

24. ABS: Anti-Lock Brake System.

25. TLC: Tratado de Libre Comercio.

MIRIAM

Modern English

Modern English

1. Define and explain, The Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift has had long-term implications for, among other things, orthography, the teaching of reading, and the understanding of any English-language text written before or during the Shift

2. Name 5 dialects of Modern English

American english, Australian english,British english,Canadian english,Caribbean english...

3. One of the problems with Early Modern English was a lack of uniformity in spelling. Which 2 people (1-English, 1-American) helped establish standardized spelling?

Samuel Johnson (England)
Nora webster (American)

4. How many countries in the world have given Modern English official status?

53 countries

5. The most recent statistics show that approximately how many people speak Modern English as a:
I. First language? II. Second Language?

First language 380 mill

second language 600 mill

6. When was Early Modern English spoken?

used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century) to 1650

7. How are the use of Pronouns different between Early Modern & Modern English?

In Early Modern English, there were two second-person personal pronouns: thou, the informal singular pronoun, and ye, which was both the plural pronoun and the formal singular pronoun (like modern French tu and vous or the German du and Sie). (Thou was already falling out of use in the Early Modern English period, but remained customary for addressing God and certain other solemn occasions, and sometimes for addressing inferiors.) Like other personal pronouns, thou and ye had different forms depending on their grammatical case; specifically, the objective form of thou was thee, its possessive forms were thy and thine, and its reflexive or emphatic form was thyself, while ye's objective form was you, its possessive forms were your and yours, and its reflexive or emphatic forms were yourself and yourselves

8. Which language families does Modern English belong in?

Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
Anglo–Frisian
Anglic

9. Name 4 worldwide uses for Modern English.

controlling airplanes
developing software
conducting international diplomacy
business relations

10. In your opinion, what was the greatest influence on the spread of Modern English around the world? Why?

The greatest influence of the Moder English is that te most of the people can use it; they can read and write in English; and the most important they understand. This is important becouse allows the communication around the world

11. There has been a lot of controversy over the true authorship of Shakespeare's writings. Which 3 people are also candidates as the possible authors of Shakespeare's plays?

Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere

12. Briefly explain The Oxfordian Theory.

It wrote the plays and poems attributed to William Shakespeare of Srratford-upon-Avon

13. Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, which according to the Folio Classification, fall into 3 categories. Name the 3 categories.

Comedies
Histories
Tragedies

14. In which town was Shakespeare born?

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon- Avon

15. Which famous London theatre (built by actors, for actors) is connected with Shakespeare's plays?

The Globe Theatre

16. Even though Richard III is the most performed play, Hamlet is Shakespeare's most famous play. In you opinion, what does this portion of Hamlet's famous soliloquy mean:

To be or not to be, that is the question;
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing, end them. To die, to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to — 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there's the rub,...

I love this philosophical thoughts, This es the most beautiful I've seen... I don't know, I like it.

17. Name 5 post-Shakespearean artists whose work was heavily influenced by the writings of William Shakespeare.

Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, Charles Dickens; the American novelist Herman Melville, the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud

18. Which of Shakespeare's plays are included in The Wars of the Roses series?

Henry VI part 1

19. Shakespeare wrote most of his works in blank verse composed in iambic pentameter. What is blank verse & iambic pentameter?

a) Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentamer.
b) Iambic pentameter: is a type of meter that is used in poetry and drama. It describes a particular rhythm that the words establish in each line. That rhythm is measured in small groups of syllables; these small groups of syllables are called "feet". The word "iambic" describes the type of foot that is used. The word 'pentameter' indicates that a line has five of these 'feet'

20. Name 4 actors from Shakepeare's original company.

Richard Burbage
William Kempe
Henry Condell
John Heminges

Middle English

Approximately when was Middle English spoken?

between the Norman invasion of 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century.

2. What were the major factors which led to the development and the spread of Middle English?

When the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the 1470s, and slightly later by Richard Pynson.

3. Match the following Old English words with their Anglo-Norman equivalent:

A. Pig - Pork
B. Cow - Beef
C. Wood - Forest
D. Sheep - Mutton
E. House - Mansion
F. Worthy - Honourable
G. Bold - Courageous

4. Compare & contrast the structure of nouns, pronouns and verbs, between Middle English & Modern English.

Nouns:

- Despite losing the slightly more complex system of inflectional endings, Middle English retains two separate noun-ending patterns from Old English.
- The strong -s plural form has survived into Modern English, while the weak -n form is rare.

Verbs:

As a general rule (and all these rules are general), the first person singular of present tense verbs ends in -e (ich here - "I hear"), the second person in -(e)st (þou spekest - "thou speakest"), and the third person in -eþ (he comeþ - "he cometh/he comes"). (þ is pronounced like the unvoiced th in "think"). In the past tense, weak verbs are formed by an -ed(e), -d(e) or -t(e) ending. These, without their personal endings, also form past participles, together with past-participle prefixes derived from the old English ge-: i-, y- and sometimes bi-. Strong verbs form their past tense by changing their stem vowel (e.g. binden -> bound), as in Modern English.

Pronouns:

First and second pronouns survive largely unchanged, with only minor spelling variations. In the third person, the masculine accusative singular became 'him'. The feminine form was replaced by a form of the demonstrative that developed into 'she', but unsteadily – 'ho' remains in some areas for a long time. The lack of a strong standard written form between the eleventh and the fifteenth century makes these changes hard to map.


5. How is pronunciation different between Middle English and Modern English?

All letters in Middle English words were pronounced. (Silent letters in Modern English come from pronunciation shifts but continued spelling conventions.) Therefore 'knight' was pronounced /ˈknɪçt/ (with a pronounced K and a 'gh' as the 'ch' in German 'Knecht'), not /ˈnaɪt/ as in Modern English.
In earlier Middle English, all written vowels were pronounced. By Chaucer's time, however, final -e had become silent in normal speech, but could be optionally pronounced in verse as the meter requires (but normally silent when the next word begins in a vowel). Chaucer follows these conventions: -e is silent in 'kowthe' and 'Thanne', but pronounced in 'straunge', 'ferne', 'ende', etc.

6. What is the Chancery Standard, and how did it come into effect?

Chancery Standard was a written form of English used by government bureaucracy and for other official purposes from the late 14th century. It is believed to have contributed in a significant way to the development of the English language as spoken and written today.

Because of the differing dialects of English spoken and written across the country at the time, the government required a clear and unambiguous form for use in its official documents. Chancery Standard was developed to meet this need.

7. Who wrote the Canterbury Tales?

The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer.

8. Describe the medieval pilgrims who journeyed from Canterbury to London.

Religious characters, such as a monk and a pardoner, travel alongside a sailor, miller, carpenter, and a knight, among others. When the group stops for the night, the host of the pilgrimage proposes that they all tell stories to each other along the way. The pilgrims agree to tell four stories each, two on the way to Canterbury, and two on the way back. The person who tells the best story, as determined by the host, will have his way paid by the rest of the group. The tale-telling begins with the knight and proceeds as the pilgrims near Canterbury, each person telling a story that reflects their social position, and some telling stories which are intended to make fun of others in the group. No winner is chosen by the host in the end, and only a few of the pilgrims have told their tales by the time the story ends. Chaucer ends the work with a retraction apologising for anything in the stories which may have been inappropriate.

9. Why did the pilgrims take this journey?

A group of medieval pilgrims set out on a pilgrimage from London to Canterbury to pay their respects to the tomb of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.

10. It is thought that some of the stories in The Canterbury Tales originated in Italy. What was the name of the Italian book and who wrote it?

The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio

11. The Canterbury Tales is considered an extremely important book, both in terms of English Literature & in the history of English writing. In your opinion, why is this book so important?

Because The Canterbury Tales is among the first English literary works to mention paper.

And the religiuos importance that this story has.

12. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is:

d. A medieval romance poem, with Arthurian themes.

13. Who is Sir Gwain?

a Knight of the Round Table.

14. What is the challenge that The Green Knight proposes to the Knights of the Round Table?

He offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day.

15. What is the similarity between Sir Gwain and the Green Knight and the Irish tale of Cúchulainn?

the challenge of beheading

16. What is the importance of the pentagram/pentangle in the poem?

The poem describes the pentangle as a symbol of faithfulness and an "endless knot". It is described as "a sign by Solomon". Solomon, the third king of Israel, in 10th century B.C. was said to have the mark of the pentagram on his ring, which he received from the archangel Michael. The pentagram seal on this ring was said to give Solomon power over demons.
The symbol was also associated with magical charms which, if recited or written on a weapon, would call forth magical forces. However, concrete evidence tying the magical pentagram to Gawain's pentangle is scarce.
Gawain’s pentangle also symbolises the “phenomenon of physically endless objects signifying a temporally endless quality.
Gawain’s pentangle also symbolises the “phenomenon of physically endless objects signifying a temporally endless quality.

17. How are numbers used to symbolize events in the poem?

The poet highlights number symbolism to add symmetry and meaning to the poem. For example, three kisses are exchanged between Gawain and Bertilak's wife; Gawain is tempted by her on three separate days; Bertilak goes hunting three times, and the Green Knight swings at Gawain three times with his axe. The number two also appears repeatedly, as in the two beheading scenes, two confession scenes, and two castles. The five points of the pentangle, the poet adds, represent Gawain's virtues, for he is "faithful five ways and five times each". The poet goes on to list the ways in which Gawain is virtuous: all five of his senses are without fault; his five fingers never fail him, and he always remembers the five wounds of Christ, as well as the five joys of the Virgin Mary. The fifth five is Gawain himself, who embodies the five moral virtues of the code of chivalry: "friendship, generosity, chastity, courtesy, and piety". All of these virtues reside, as the poet says, in the "Endless Knot" of the pentangle, which forever interlinks and is never broken. Thus, the poet makes Gawain the epitome of perfection in knighthood through number symbolism.

18. What is the significance of Sir Gwain's neck wound?

During the medieval period, the body and the soul were believed to be so intimately connected that wounds were considered an outward sign of inward sin. The neck, specifically, was believed to correlate with the part of the soul related to will, connecting the reasoning part (the head) and the courageous part (the heart). Gawain's sin resulted from using his will to separate reasoning from courage.

19. Which actor played The Green Knight in the film adaptation, Sword of the Valiant?

Sean Connery.

20. In many ways this poem is, in the modern sense, a soap opera. Compare Sir Gwain and the Green Knight with a modern Chilean teleseries.

Between the Green Knight, the Sir Gwain and the Chillean teleseries, there is to much diferent things,

XDXD

Old English

1) When was Old English spoken?
Between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.

2) Name 4 language groups which influenced the development of Old English.
Germanic, Latin , Viking, Celtic.

3) In the Phonology section, name 5 phonetical differences between Old English & Modern English.
Fricative - palatal (ç)
Fricative - alveolar s (z)
Fricative - velar (x) (ɣ)
Fricative - labiodental f (v)
Fricative - dental θ (ð)

4) Are there any similarites between Old English and Modern English? Name them.
The word order subject-verb-object (SVO)

Old English is a language rich with morphological diversity and is spelled essentially as it is pronounced. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental, remnants of which survive only in a few pronouns in modern English.

5) In the Orthography section, enlarge the picture of the runic alphabet. How many letters (runes) are there in this alphabet?
There are 34 letters (runes)

6) Which epic poem was originally written in Old English?
Beowulf

7) In the See Also section, click on: Beowulf. Appoximately when was Beowulf written?
Between the 8th and the early 11th centuries.

8) Even though Beowulf was written in England, the story takes place in which countries?

in Scandinavia.

9) In the poem, which 3 antagonists does Beowulf battle or fight against?

Grendel, Grendel's mother, and an unnamed dragon.

10) What happens to Beowulf at the end of the story?

He is fatally wounded in the final battle, and after his death he is buried in a barrow in Geatland by his retainers.

11) Who was the author of Beowulf?

it is a poem of an anonymous authorship.

12) What were the titles and the dates of the two film versions of Beowulf?

Beowulf (1999)
Beowulf and Grendel (2005)


XD XD

My Biography

I'm Miriam Guajardo, I'm 21 yers old and I live in Quinta Normal.
I live with my parents, my brother and my cat "Safira"(jaja) I have a boyfriend, and we're together since 2006, January. I'm really happy in our relationship, because he's a beautiful person and he loves me. I know a lot of people, but I have few friends. For Example, my best friend is Paulina, because I know her since 1992. She's very stranger, but I love her (jaja)

Well, I'm student of Ucinf University, and I'm studing interprets and translation. I like the University, because is relax and I enjoy to much with my clasesmates in the classes.

(My parents), my mother is a seamstress, she's a nice person, my father is a teacher, he's a beautiful person too and my brother is a teacher too, he lives in Talca, because he's studing and working there.
My family is perfect for me, we haven't any problems, and we're very, very cheers.

Well, that is all.

Miriam.

Nice Chile

In Chile, there are nice places you can visit, you can go to Cerro San Cristóbal, La Moneda, the museums, and many more places. Chile has warm weather in summer and is very cold in winter.
In Chile you can do a million things, you can go with your boyfriend or your friends, go outto eat, go to dance, go to the beach, etc..

There is a very beautiful place that I love, and it's located in Isla Negra and it's Pablo Neruda's house. Pablo Neruda was a chilean writer, and he had a lot of houses, in Valparaíso; Isla Negra; Santiago.
Santiago is a city of Chile and I live there. This city is very fun, you can go out at night or at day and you'll enjoy much.
I was born in Ñuñoa, it's a Commune of Santiago and I can say you, is great to live here. I invite you to know Chile, because it's perfect.

The End.....

MUSIC ADDICT?

So, you love singing. It’s a great hobby to go out to pubs or concerts. It’s fun, but do you spend a lot of time singing? Expert say 20% of people like singing. They love singing. The young people like listening to music live. All the singers have different ages, and they invite their friends, family to listen to them singing.

Take this quiz. If you answer yes to all these questions, maybe you are a music addict.

1-. Do you spend a lot of time singing? Yes

2-. Do you always go out to karaoke pub? Yes

3-. Are all your friends singers? No

4-. Is the music your only hobby? No

5-. Do you usually spend a lot of money No

buying tickets for concerts?

So, what do you do if you realized you don’t like to sing? Talk with your family. Where are they? At work, of course

My life

My name is Miriam Cristina Guajardo Bravo, I'm 20 years old and I live in Santiago, Quinta Normal.
I live with my parents and my brother.
My mother is intelligent, tolkative and very cheerful. However my father is grumpy, but he is very creative, He is spanish teacher. My brother name's Juan Carlos and he is a mathematics teacher, he is simphatic, organized and very proudly.
My mornings are complicated, because it is dificut for me to get up.
In the morning I have shower and I get dressed, then I have breakfast and I go out my home.
I get to University by subway, but is very dificult too, because the bus is complete every morning. I get to University at half past 7 or at 8 o'clock.
I come back home at 2 0'clock, aproximaly.
On weekends I get up at half past 10, and I always play with my cat.
At night on saturday, I go aut with my friends and my boyfriend at pub, and on sunday I sleep too much hours.
In my free time, I like sing, play the guitar and I meet with my friends.